Industrial Relation System In Japan Management Essay

industrial Relation System In Japan Management EssayIndustrial Relations usually refer to trans proceedingionhips surrounded by drive and capital that grow out of physical exercise. There ar two parties in the employment traffichip- fag out and management. Both parties need to work in a fondness of cooperation, adjustment, and accommodation. In their own mutual interest certain rules for co-existence ar framed and adhered to. Opinions about IR in Japan are extremely diversified. The important charge regarding IR appears to be whether Japan can maintain the vitality and flexibility to cope with the transforms in the industrial structure and technology in a dead(prenominal) world frugality. The lack of opposition and dispute betwixt labor party and management may be the most important feature for summarizing labour-management relations in unexampled Japan when making international comparisons. The evolution highlights IR in Japan and pointing out lesson that Banglades h and Sri Lanka can take. The research is based on desk landing field. Moreover, the recommendation would be face-saving to the practitioners, researchers, planners, form _or_ system of government manipulaters and academicians, who are involved in the concerned area.Keywords Industrial Relations (IR) Employment Capital and LabourJEL Classification M1, M1, M54IntroductionThe relationship between employer and employee or foxiness fusions is called Industrial Relation (IR). Harmonious relationship is necessary for both employers and employees to sen taste go the interests of the both the parties of the production. In order to maintain good relationship with the employees, the main functions of every presidency should avoid any dispute with them or rotarytle it as early as possible so as to ensure industrial peace and higher productivity. Human Resources Management (HRM) is mainly concerned with the human relation in industry because the main theme of HRM is to get the work ma ke by the human power and it fails in its objectives if good industrial relation is maintained. In other words good Industrial Relation message industrial peace which is necessary for better and higher productions.IR may be understood in both inter and intra terms-that is between employers and employees, between employees and employees and also between employers and employers. much(prenominal) diverse relations are the outcome of modern industrial production, entailing an enormous body of collective work and involving the corporate labour of a spacious number of stack in an enterprise. Of all these relations, however the one between employers and employees is of paramount importance under the organisation of capitalist relations of production. Some authors intend the term industrial relations also as either the full range of rule governing the work place (Dunlop, 1958), or a study of the institutions for job regulations (Allen,1975) or even the maintenance of stability and re gularity in industry(Richard,1981)IR is also concerned with determination of final payment and conditions of employment. IR and human relations are distinctly two indispensable factors in industry, one depending on the other we can suck in good industrial relations in an industry, simply bad human relations in the same establishment and vice versa. Good industrial relations set up the necessary background for human relations. In any undertaking, good relations between the management and workers depend upon the degree of mutual confidence, which can be established. This, in turn, depends upon the recognition by the employees of the goodwill and unity of the management in the day-to-day handling of questions, which are of mutual concern. The first requisite for the development of good industrial relations is a good labour policy. The aim of such a policy should be to secure the best possible co-operation of the employees.Every employee should have the opportunity to contri beside se not precisely his services, but also his suggestions and ideas towards the common effort.The basic needs of an industrial worker are freedom from fear, warranter of employment and freedom from want. Adequate food, better health, clothing and trapping are human requirements. The human heart harbors secret pride and invariably responds to courtesy and kindness just as it revolts to tyranny and fear. An environment, where he is contented with his job, conscious of a bright future, and provided with his basic needs in life means an atmosphere of good IR.IR has several roles in the industrial development in any country two fold objectives of good industrial relations are to preserve industrial peace and to secure industrial-operations. If we have to establish industrial peace, the workers must be assured of fair wages, good conditions of work, responsible functional, holidays and minimum facilities of life. The objectives of good industrial relations should be development and prog ress of industry, by means of representative methods, stability, total well-being and happiness of the workers, and industrial peace. Hence, industrial peace is the fruit of good industrial relations.The following objectives have been considered.To understand the philosophy and concept of IRTo focus on present scenario of IR policy in Japan,Bangladesh and Sri LankaTo suggest close to possible solutions for developing and improving the IR to Bangladesh, Sri Lankan from Japanese perspectives.Material and Methods given up the nature of the present study, it was required to collect data from the secondary sources. The authors were always careful of the objectives of the study and collected data accordingly to achieve those objectives. Secondary data were collected from research studies, books, journals, newbornspapers and ongoing academic working papers. The collected data may be processed and analysed in order to make the present study useful to the practitioners, researchers, pla nners, policy makers and academicians of the concern area.Analyses and FindingsThe analyses of findings have been discussed under the following sub-heads.Industrial RelationsIR plays a critical role in establishing and maintaining industrial republic (Monappa, 1995). IR indicates the status of the relationship between the employers and employees in general. Better relationship is always designed which, however, rarely remains in a satisfactory be and in a static position because of various internal and external factors. The concept of IR has a wide meaning. The expression IR by itself means relationship that emerges out of day-to-day working and association of labour and management. But when taken in its wider sense it includes the relationship between an employee and employer in the course of course of an industry and may project itself to spheres which may transgress to the areas of quality control, marketing, price fixation and disposition of profits among others (Johri,1969). IR, so, when taken in its wider meaning, is a set of fiscal interdependence including historical, economic, social, psychological, demographic, technological, occupational and legal variables (Singh, 1968).Industrial Relations in BangladeshDemocracy in the larger society is a prime and essential condition for the development of industrial relations. In Bangladesh, the finish of democracy is very poor. It is surprising to commemorate that after independence, the frequent changes in brass and emergence of military rule during 1975-1979 and 1982-1990 hampered the popular environment for industrial relations in general and grapple unionism in particular.Since independence, every government has been found to participate in the trade union activities directly through the formation of labour front. Due to government interventions, the industrial peace and productivity were propeled a number of times. For example Awami League government maintained close contact with the workers throu gh Jatiya Sramik League (JSL) the Bangladesh National troupe (BNP) government did so through Bangladesh Jatiyatabadi Sramik Dal (BJSD), and Ershad government did the same through Jatiya Sramik Party (JSP).The take aim of industrialization in Bangladesh is very poor. The level of employment is very poor too. present the supply of labour is always much higher than that of the convey for labour. So the labour cost is low. Out of a total civilian labour force of 70 million about 2 millions are unemployed. Here the industrial workers are not at all class conscious. Due to very poor literacy level, workers of Bangladesh are completely in the dark about their rights and obligations. The labour force participation rate in trade unionism is only 12%. Due to im halal physical fitness and lack of sufficient adroitness the productivity of our workers is very low. As a vector sum, they cannot contribute towards the higher level of profitability to the employers, thereby causing their level of wages to remain low. Till now the Government of Bangladesh could not ensure a satisfactory level of minimum wage for the workers ( caravan inn Taher, 2009).Multiplicity of trade unions is one of the great weaknesses of labour politics in Bangladesh. As a result of weak strength, trade unions in Bangladesh is facing a number of problems like increasing political influence, inter and intra-union rivalries, unhealthy disputation in collective talk terms agent (CBA) election, employers, tendency to avoid CBA process and develop opportunities among the trade union leaders etc. The opportunistic nature of trade union leadership has been responsible for poor labour movements. Most of the time, the trade union leaders acted as agents of employers and of the political governments.Industrial Relations in Sri LankaIR in Sri Lanka has arrived at the cross roads which makes an interesting study for the Human Researches Specialist. The Sri Lankas shifting from a centrally planned economy to a market economy in 1977. Since 1977, the socio-economic changes were greatly influenced by the radical changes in the external environment, globalization, information technology (IT) revolution and changing consumer needs. These changes in the socio-economic system of the country have resulted in contradictions and conflicts in the sphere of IR. With the emergence of the market economy and resultant competition, the achieving of the desired economic growth was the challenge for the government. At micro level, business corporations fought for their survival in a competitive environment. This spatial relation has provided a new challenge to partners involved in IR.Historically, the state has played a anchor role in managing IR in Sri Lanka. The state intervention has to a greater extent in the nature of labour legislation and in the area of dispute settlement. Since early 20th century, these laws have been enacted to nourish the less privileged partner i.e. Labour/Employee. Hen ce the labour laws in Sri Lanka have a bias towards the employee and this rigidity has adversely affected the progress of business. For example, the close of Employment comport 1971 prohibits the termination of employment except in case of disciplinary matters without the permission of the Commissioner General of Labour. even off though plethora of labour laws protects the employees, it has been a hindrance to the business activity. The business community has made several appeals to the Government to effect appropriate such changes in labour laws to meet the current environment. Such changes in the form of entrepreneurial labour laws are urgently required not only to meet the needs of the Sri Lankan economy, but also to facilitate the working population.Being a developing country, it is natural that the state needs to protect certain less privileged class of the society from the economic transformation. In addition, in a democratic country, the working class is a source of streng th to political parties. In this context, the present Peoples Alliance Government formulated the Workers Charter to safeguard the rights and privileges of the working people. The salient features of the Charter (a) The commitment to the beliefs of the Declaration of Philadelphia and the labour standards adopted by the International Labour Organizations (ILO) (b) Recognition of trade Unions (c) Encouragement of incorporated bargaining (d) Strengthening of existing laws to protect employees interest (e) Defining casual, temporary and others forms of non permanent employment and (f) Bringing forth a code of industrial harmony.Employers strongly felt up that their views have not been duly considered and it was not the opportune item to bring forward this piece of legislation. The employers argued that the requirement was not for a workers Charter, but for an Employment Charter. correct though six years have lapsed, the government has still to bring in legislation for this purpose ex cept an amendment to the Industrial Disputes Act providing recognition to trade unions and prevention unfair labour practices. The reluctance on the part of the government to provide legal enforcement to the workers Charter indicates that the government despite, an election pledge, has lookd that such labour laws should not be allowed to restrain the development of a free market economy. De Silva stated that Labour law always presents the perennial problem of balancing the interests of capital and labour and at the same time protecting public interest. Again, more(prenominal) than any other branch of the law, labour laws reflects governments or societys moral spook and attitude towards social issues.The Employers Federation of Ceylon (EFC) was established in 1930 as a counter measure to deal with trade unions under this manner employer to be get together and disciplined to managing labour issues and more importantly, the need for building up a mutual understanding between emplo yers and workers. EFC has taken 50 years or more to reach the 200 mark in membership. However, since 1980, during the period of 20 years, the membership grew to over 500. The reasons for this growth besides the free market policies introduced in 1977, was the direct result of the need for industrial relations service. The lack of expertise within the workplaces to handle industrial relations prompted the employers to seek support and assistance of EFC. It is also significant to note that since 1980, the EFC has made a fundamental change in their come along. It shifted from their emphasis of providing legal services to assist the employers in adopting better Human Resources Management (HRM) practices in managing people at their workplaces.At the micro level, the relationship between the employees and the trade unions has been adversarial. The history of numerous conflicts between the employers and employees during the colonial rule and the post-independence era has greatly contribut ed to the development of this situation. Amongst other reasons (a) Being unaware of the significance of trade unions in national and organizational context (b) Lack of understanding in modern management techniques, (c) negative undertake of Trade Unions (d) Lack of professional management in HR (e) Concealed hostility of the employers based on bounded rationality.Nevertheless, the experience have made employers realize that such antagonistic approach would lead to unsatisfactory relationship, loss of work hours resulting in from industrial disputes thus affecting the productivity. With the emergence of market economy, this would adversely affect the ability of the enterprise to be competitive. In this context, many employers have begun to adopt an approach of understanding towards trade unions and also making concerted efforts to establish hearty relationship with the workforce by adopting sound HR practices.From the inception of the trade union movement in 1930s, trade unions hav e adopted an antagonistic approach towards management. This may be due to Sri Lankan trade unions becoming appendages of Marxist/Leninist political parties espousing a class struggle and having a history of agitation against colonialism/establishment. Despite the quick disappearance of Marxism/Leninism globally, some trade unions continue this class struggle approach without understanding the changes in socio-economic environment. Trade unions have been comfortable in adopting this adversarial attitude and make every endeavour to keep their membership away from the management. Another significant characteristic of the trade union movement is the politicization in which major trade unions are linked to major political parties. The political parties continue to treat unions as source of power. It has been observed that on certain occasions, the behaviour of trade unions has been motivated by political objectives kinda than the interest of the working class. This along with multiplic ity of trade unions have had an adverse impact on the unity and strength of trade unions.However, since 1977, this situation has been subjected to gradual change. (1) The competition in the marketplace has prompted the trade unions to review their approach. The antagonistic approach would affect the business, which could result in loss in employment. (2) New propagation of workers are more concerned about their welfare and personal interest rather than espousing political ideologies. This is amply demonstrated from the fact that the number of trade Unions have decreased from 1636 in 1977 to 1428 in 1996 and the membership has been static at 1.6 million of 7 million of working population.The ratification of ILO Convention 144 on multilateral Consolation by the Sri Lankan Government signifies the acceptance of the need to consult the employer and employer organizations by the government in regard to matters of mutual interest. The significance of this event is that the acceptance of the principle that the government should consult the other two social partners at national level make sit morally obligatory for the employers to consult the trade unions at organizational level.The structures of tripartism have existed in diverse forms, but there has been little effort to co-ordinate and harmonize the interest and work of the social partners or to provide them with the role of active participation at national level such as (a) Minimum wages fixed for 40 trades by Wages Boards set up by the Labour Ministry under the Wages Boards Ordinance, are tripartite in character. These boards permit a consultative approach to the fixing of terms and conditions (b) A National Advisory Council was set up in 1989, with the objective of having a permanent consultative mechanism within the Ministry of Labour. The objectives of the council were broadly to consult worker and employer interests on policy matters and implementation of proposed changes in Labour law (c) Employees counci ls were made obligatory by the Employees Council Act No. 32 of 1979, in public corporations and government owned undertakings, to encourage participation of employees in the affairs of these organizations (c) In the Free Trade Zones (FTZ) administrated by the Board of Investment (BOI), companies are expected to set up give voice Employees Councils as a condition of licensing.Tripartism cannot be strengthened or placed on a stronger base by transitory legislation. If the desired results are to be achieved, the implementation of the laws must be monitored and enforced to some extent. Persuasion and educating the workers as well as employers on advantages of consultation and dialogue at all levels are considered desirable than enforcement of laws. It is imperative that the attitude of officials should change. They should be facilitators rather than regulators in promoting good industrial relations. It has been observed that at national level, there seem to be a tendency for some uni ons to affiliate and also employers interested in working together to deal with problems on a common front. It also appears that more and more bipartism is exhibited at work place which is a good sign of collaboration by social partners. EFC in 1989 suggested to ILO a strategy to build up a tripartite consultative process to be the joint responsibility of the EFC and the Trade Unions. The first phase was a join body on Safety and Health. This industrial Safety and Health Association (ISHA) brought the parties together in a spirit of co operation on Safety and Health. This led to a seething up of another mechanism called Labour Management Consultative Committee (LMCC).The collective bargaining/agreement is a mechanism under the provisions of the Industrial Disputes Act to resolve disputes and to maintain industrial peace. The government has ratified ILO Convention 87 on Freedom of Association and 97 on Collective Bargaining. One of the key reasons for the employees to organize themse lves was for the purpose of collective bargaining, and the EFC has been instrumental in encouraging this process in the private sector and responsible for the many collective agreements signed to date. Even though this is a mechanism that could be used to the benefit of both parties, due to numerous reasons the use of this process in a greater extent has been restricted. Firstly, the employers have found that apart from industrial peace, Unions in general do not wish to offer in return, other benefits such as productivity, rationalization of work arrangements.Industrial Relations in JapanThe central features of the Japanese industrial relations system include workplace focused enterprises unions, lifetime employment systems, broad based training and seniority based wages. Another outcome of the Japanese institutions such as the Keiretsu system and the system of production organization (subcontracting and quality-focused, team based work) is the simultaneous achievement of stability in labour market terms and considerable functional flexibility in work place level industrial relations through the development of internal labour markets. The Japanese follow permanent employment system, consensus decision making and patriotic leadership. The Japanese lever the senior and senior behaves just like a guardian not like a boss. Management treats all as team members whether executives or workers. They emphasise on continuous customer focus improvement in quality and total involvement.There is disagreement on the date of institution of the Japanese industrial relations system. Taira (1970 as cited in caravan inn Taher, 2009) suggested that the lifetime employment practice developed in the late 1800s in the silk industry where employers, forced to make out for scarce labour, instituted lifetime employment to create stable employment conditions. The key practices were encouraged by the government, which institutionalized several of them during the inter-war period in it s Factories Act of 1938. enterprise unionism emerged post war based on the structure of the firms (the large employers who accounted for a significant share of employment). Jacopy (1993) and Gordon (1985) (as cited in Khan Taher, 2009) also suggested that precursors to the current system could be seen in the company unions of the 1920s, with institutional occurring during the interwar period.Cusumano(1985) argues that it was the early labour-management crises in the post-war period, coupled with the revolution in production management that account for the creation of the more ripe aspects of the internal labour market in Japanese industry. Okayama (1986) also credited the industrial strife of the 1950s as the most important variable in the development of the Japanese Industrial Relations system, a view also held by Kenney and Florida (1994) and Takahashi (1997) who argued, The main stimulus (for lifetime employment) was the experience of large-scale conflict between labour and ca pital in the early post-war years, partly in response to many workers being made redundant as the war industries shut down. Employers seek a way to end or reduce this conflict, not a social or political norm impervious to pressures of economic change. (as cited in Khan Taher,2009).There were several changes in the Japanese system over the 1970s and 1980s. Notably, there was erosion in the seniority based wages concept, as wages began to be tied increasingly to skills acquisition and productivity, while employers had started the practice of mid career hires in white collar and technical occupations. The practice of Shukko- transferring employees to other split of the Keirestu during downturns-had gained in prominence over the last two decades.Recent Changes in Industrial Relations of JapanIn the 1990s, there has been acceleration in the change already underway, as well as changes in other practices that constitute the core of the Japanese (IR) system. This has been due in large par t to the effect of the recession of the 1990s, as Berggeren, argues, which has been the deepest one since the 2nd World war. Thus, in the 1990s, there has been a significant questioning of the lifetime employment concept, with severe declines in job security on an unprecedented scale, changes in hiring practices from schools and universities, a dramatic increase in outsourcing strategies, the introduction of limited term employment contracts for some occupations, increased wage flexibility, and some degree of union restructuring, along with evidence of breaking up of some Keiretsus. By themselves, any one of these changes might suggest a gradual adaption to new economic circumstances, but all of these happenings together in the 1990s suggest the critical importance of the 1990s recession in forcing employers to question the existing practices and act to change them.These changes came as a movement towards transformation of the industrial relations system given that the evidence sug gests changes in most aspects of employment relations in Japan, such as job security, hiring, corporate governance, wages and wage flexibility and the role of seniority, as well as union structure, and would seemingly consist of a significant eroding of the three pillars and a move towards and a move towards a more individual based system such as in the United States (Brown, Nakata, Reich and Ulman,1997). There is also some evidence that the Keiretsu system is breaking down after the crisis, possibly as a result of firms capital requirements, and thus one major source of the stickness seems to be weakening ( as cited in Khan Taher,2009).Lessons for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka from Japanese PerspectivesProper industrial relations imply harmonious and pacifist(prenominal) relations between labour and management. In such a situation both labour and management realise their mutual obligations toward each other and haunt to actions that promote harmony and understanding. For making a frui tful comparison in the characteristics of industrial relations in between Japan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, we need to make a doctrinal analysis. The main lessons for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka may be summarized as followsThe level of organizational commitment among the workers and employees should be increasedHuman Resources should be treated as organizations assets rather than a money making machineManagement of conflict and employee grievances should be handled effectively which ultimately would lead to innovation and productivity improvement of a concerned organizationDuring selection and promotion of candidates (employees) a human resource manager should follow a standard method and all candidates can get equal handling without biasThe activities of industrial relations in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka should be free from the influence of party politicsOrganizational polices and strategies should be formulated and also implement through general consensus between the workers/employees and the employers.Policy ImplicationsAlthough the present study was confined to IR in Japan Lessons for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, it may be appropriate to state briefly the policy implications for the study. In this context, the following policy actions may be considered worthwhile.Proper Demographic EnvironmentIt is essential that in order to ensure effective IR, a proper democratic environment in the greater society is essential. In the absence of democratic environment the employers may try to exploit the workers and even the workers may try to adopt unfair means, thereby disturbing industrial harmony.Efficient managementEfficient management, capable of performing its duties professionally and thereby satisfying both the parties- the employers and the employees-is indispensable.Sprit of Collective BargainingThe relationship between an employee and the employer will be congenial only when the differences between them are settled through mutual negotiation and consultation rather t han through the intervention of any third party.Existence of Strong and well organized trade unionsIndustrial relations will be sound only when the bargaining power of the workers unions is equal to that of management. A strong trade union can protect the workers interest relating to wages, benefits, job security, etc.Existence of sound and unionized employers unionsThese associations are helpful for the promotion and maintenance of uniform Human Resource (HR) policies among various organizations and to protect the interests of weak employersConcluding RemarksIn fine, it can be utter as to industrial relations in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka that despite a much smaller number of work stoppages in recent years the industrial relations have been far from being sound. There were attitudinal problems of mistrust, multiplicity of unions, political affiliation of unions on deep ideological grounds, employers reluctance to part with information, their undermining the importance of unions and by passing laws, unions not representing the interest of the workers but of the political parties and overwhelming emphasis on third party settlement which has not proved too effective. 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